Scroll down for all of The Immigrants’ Civil War articles.
In 1862, the Irish Brigade would become one of the most famous units in the Union Army. The immigrant who founded it, however, was already famous before he ever set foot in the United States.
Before the Irish “Liberator” Dan O’Connell invented the tactics of non-violent resistance, the Irish were a disenfranchised and exploited people ruled in their own land by the British. During the 1830s and 1840s O’Connell led campaigns of protest, publicity, and economic pressure that won concession after concession from the English overlords. But his approach could not win what young Irishmen and women most wanted—democratic rule of Ireland by the Irish themselves.
Thomas Francis Meagher was a young revolutionary in 1846 when he challenged the venerable Dan O’Connell’s leadership of the Irish freedom movement at mass meeting in Dublin. Advised by his elders that the movement must adhere to a line of peaceful protest, Meagher told the audience that the American republic had not been created out of non-violent action, that it was only the willingness to fight to the death that could tear from England a part of her worldwide empire. He called for an armed revolution against the British Empire and, thereafter, he was nicknamed “Meagher of the Sword.”1
In 1848, the Year of Revolution in Europe and the third year of the Irish Potato Famine, Meagher and other Young Ireland revolutionists plotted an uprising. Spies reported on Meagher and his comrades and the British rounded up most of the leaders before anything more than a small revolt could erupt. Meagher, only 25 years old, was captured and put on trial for his life.2
In 1848, the Irish revolutionary Thomas Francis Meagher flew the first Irish tricolor flag. It had been made by French women who saw the struggle for Irish independence as part of a worldwide fight for freedom.
At his trial, Thomas Francis Meagher refused to renounce the cause he had championed and he dramatically said farewell to his country. The judge ordered that Meagher “ be hanged by the neck until dead, and that afterward the head shall be severed from [the] body, and the body divided into four quarters.”3
It was only while awaiting execution that Meagher learned that instead of being executed, he would be sent to Britain’s penal colony in Tasmania, off the coast of Australia. While he might justifiably fear abuse there, as a well-known person, his jailers allowed him to wander the island freely when he gave them his word that he would not escape. After two years in exile, Meagher decided that he had had enough and incredibly wrote to his jailer to inform him that he was withdrawing his promise and would feel free to escape the next day. When the magistrate read the letter, he ordered the chief of police to arrest Meagher. The police commander responded that he too was Irish and that he would not follow the arrest order!4
By the time the British were finally able to organize an arrest force, Meagher had already escaped, helped along the way by a secret network of Irish rebels. Meagher sailed first to Brazil and then on to New York. Long before he arrived, Meagher’s escape was known in the United States. The leading Irish newspaper, the Boston Pilot, even told its readers, “In him the Irish in America will find a chief to unite and guide them.”5
The handsome romantic revolutionary Thomas Meagher was still in his 20s when he was lionized by Irish America.
When Meagher finally made it to New York, he was hailed as the great hero of Irish America. He was not, however, a hero to many of the bishops who were the de facto leaders of many Irish communities. A liberal Catholic in his homeland who advocated for the educational equality of women, the Church had grave misgivings about Meagher’s orthodoxy. Meagher saw himself as part of a great liberal revolutionary wave that was sweeping Europe, a surge that threatened the traditional place of privilege of the Church.6
Meagher would later write to a friend that he was hounded by “brainless ridiculous donkeys” who did the ideological bidding of the bishops. His crime, he said, was speaking “favorably of…the European movements for liberty [and for] this I was denounced from the pulpits, and through the bigoted Catholic press.” If the bishops hoped to destroy him, they were disappointed. As one newspaper reporter wrote, the Church’s attack on him “have aroused an extraordinary feeling in his behalf.” Irish immigrants, loyal to their Church but critical of the men who ran it, thumbed their noses at the hierarchy by forming Meagher Clubs in support of the dissident.7
While Meagher was a liberal when it came to Europe, he became an American Democrat. The Democratic Party stood for the little guy and for the immigrant, that was for sure, but it also stood by the slaveholder. Meagher’s newspaper, combative towards the bigotry of the Know Nothings, was accepting of the white Southern ideology of slavery as a constitutionally protected institution. In editorials, he wrote that he was a “Democrat in heart-from nature as well as by conviction.” Among Southern Democrats, he wrote, “There are no…convent burners…no Know Nothings.” Meagher conceded that “slavery is bad,” but he also advised Irish Americans to “let slavery alone” and confine themselves to “alleviating the evils that accompany it.”8
Meagher was soft on slavery, hated the “Puritan Bigots” who formed the backbone of the new Republican Party in the northeast, and mistrusted Lincoln and his cohorts. When the southern Confederacy declared war on the United States in 1861, the Irish revolutionary would be forced to decide whether he stood for Union, or for the self-determination of the slaveholding South.
Sources
1. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 1-14.
2. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 9-13.
3. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 12-13.
4. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 13-14, 22-24.
5. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 25-27.
6. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 35-41.
7. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 35-41.
8. Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America by Robert G. Athern, Arno Press (1976) pp. 51-56.
The Immigrants’ Civil War is a series that examines the role of immigrants in our bloodiest war. Articles will appear twice monthly between 2011 and 2017. Here are the articles we have published so far:
1. Immigrant America on the Eve of the Civil War – Take a swing around the United States and see where immigrants were coming from and where they were living in 1861.
2. 1848: The Year that Created Immigrant America – Revolutions in Europe, famine and oppression in Ireland, and the end of the Mexican War made 1848 a key year in American immigration history.
3. Carl Schurz: From German Radical to American Abolitionist– A teenaged revolutionary of 1848, Carl Schurz brought his passion for equality with him to America.
4. Immigrant Leader Carl Schurz Tells Lincoln to Stand Firm Against Slavery.
5. …And the War Came to Immigrant America -The impact of the firing on Fort Sumter on America’s immigrants
6. The Rabbi Who Seceded From the South
7. The Fighting 69th-Irish New York Declares War
8. The Germans Save St. Louis for the Union
9. New York’s Irish Rush to Save Washington
10. Immigrant Day Laborers Help Build the First Fort to Protect Washington-The Fighting 69th use their construction skills.
11. Carl Schurz Meets With Lincoln To Arm the Germans
12. Immigrants Rush to Join the Union Army-Why?– The reasons immigrants gave for enlisting early in the war.
13. Why the Germans Fought for the Union?
14. Why Did the Irish Fight When They Were So Despised?
15. The “Sons of Garibaldi” Join the Union Army
16. The Irish Tigers From Louisiana
17. Immigrant Regiments on Opposite Banks of Bull Run -The Fighting 69th and the Louisiana Tigers
18. The St. Louis Germans Set Out To Free Missouri
19. Wilson’s Creek Drowns Immigrant Dream of Free Missouri
20. English-Only in 1861: No Germans Need Apply
21. After Bull Run: Mutineers, Scapegoats, and the Dead
22. St. Louis Germans Revived by Missouri Emancipation Proclamation
23. Jews Fight the Ban on Rabbis as Chaplains
24. Lincoln Dashes German Immigrants Hopes for Emancipation
25. When Hatred of Immigrants Stopped the Washington Monument from Being Built
26. Inside the Mind of a Know Nothing
27. The Evolution of the Know Nothings
28. The Know Nothings Launch a Civil War Against Immigrant America
29. The Know Nothings: From Triumph to Collapse
30. The Lasting Impact of the Know Nothings on Immigrant America.
31. Lincoln, the Know Nothings, and Immigrant America.
32. Irish Green and Black America: Race on the Edge of Civil War.
33. The Democratic Party and the Racial Consciousness of Irish Immigrants Before the Civil War
34. The Confederates Move Against Latino New Mexico
35. Nuevomexicanos Rally As Confederates Move Towards Santa Fe—But For Which Side?
36. The Confederate Army in New Mexico Strikes at Valverde
37. The Swedish Immigrant Who Saved the U.S. Navy
38. The Confederates Capture Santa Fe and Plot Extermination
39. A German Regiment Fights for “Freedom and Justice” at Shiloh-The 32nd Indiana under Col. August Willich.
40. The Know Nothing Colonel and the Irish Soldier Confronting slavery and bigotry.
41. Did Immigrants Hand New Orleans Over to the Union Army?
42. Did New Orleans’ Immigrants See Union Soldiers As Occupiers or Liberators?
43. Union Leader Ben Butler Seeks Support in New Orleans-When General Ben Butler took command in New Orleans in 1862, it was a Union outpost surrounded by Confederates. Butler drew on his experience as a pro-immigrant politician to win over the city’s Irish and Germans.
44. Union General Ben Butler Leverages Immigrant Politics in New Orleans
45. Thomas Meager: The Man Who Created the Irish Brigade
46. Thomas Meagher: The Irish Rebel Joins the Union Army
Cultural
Painting of the Return of the 69th from Bull Run Unearthed
Blog Posts
The Real Story Behind The Immigrants’ Civil War Photo
Why I’m Writing The Immigrants’ Civil War
The Five Meanings of “The Immigrants’ Civil War”
The Fallout from No Irish Need Apply Article Spreads Worldwide
No Irish Need Apply Professor Gets into a Fight With Our Blogger Pat Young Over Louisa May Alcott
Books for Learning More About The Immigrants’ Civil War
Free Yale Course with David Blight on the Civil War
Cinco de Mayo Holiday Dates Back to the American Civil War
New Immigrants Try to Come to Terms with America’s Civil War
Important Citizenship Site to be Preserved-Fortress Monroe
Should Lincoln Have Lost His Citizenship?
The First Casualties of the War Were Irish-Was that a Coincidence?
Civil War Anniversaries-History, Marketing, and Human Rights
Memorial Day’s Origins at the End of the Civil War
Germans Re-enact the Civil War-But Why Are They Dressed in Gray?
Leading Historians Discuss 1863 New York City Draft Riots
The Upstate New York Town that Joined the Confederacy
Civil War Blogs I Read Every Week
First Annual The Immigrants’ Civil War Award Goes to Joe Reinhart
Damian Shiels Wins Second Annual The Immigrants’ Civil War Award
Mother Jones: Civil War Era Immigrant and Labor Leader
Immigration Vacation -Civil War Sites
Fort Schuyler-Picnic where the Irish Brigade trained
The Fallout from No Irish Need Apply Article Spreads Worldwide
No Irish Need Apply Professor Gets into a Fight With Our Blogger Pat Young Over Louisa May Alcott
Books for Learning More About The Immigrants’ Civil War
Free Yale Course with David Blight on the Civil War
Cinco de Mayo Holiday Dates Back to the American Civil War
